Mehdi Fattahi

  Thisstudy aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. Abstract    This study aims to explore the use of postmodern ekphrasis through intermediality in creating a dynamic narrative for representing the mind of the postmodern subject in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves. Using pastiche and collage, drawn from painting, to blend styles and genres to exhibit the complexity of the postmodern world, on the one hand, and employing specific postmodern narrative techniques with visual elements to create multi-layered narratives, on the other hand, are the main concerns in Danielewski’s postmodernist fiction. In this regard, Danielewski has employed such postmodern narrative techniques as metafiction, paratextuality, hypertextuality, intertextuality, experimental typography, and ergodic writing to demand active reader engagement. These techniques, connected to contemporary ekphrasis, bridge language forms and visual forms to challenge traditional conventions by embodying postmodern fragmentation. In this sense, in light of William J. T. Mitchell’s theory, ekphrasis is not merely a verbal representation of visual art; it functions more dynamically and more engagingly as it mingles words and images to interact. On this point, House of Leaves demonstrates a visual version of postmodern fragmentation and the fragile nature of truth by employing intermediality to create a multi-layered narrative to engage readers in a fragmented, chaotic experience, mirroring the traumatized and disturbed state of mind of the postmodern subject. Considering ekphrasis within a postmodern framework, House of Leaves remarkably reveals how postmodern narrative techniques blend words and images, leading to a dynamic interplay and active participation of readers to comprehend the complexity of the narrative truth. Keywords: Mark Z. Danielewski, House of Leaves, Ekphrasis, Postmodernism, intermediality

   Since the second half of the 20th century, the increasing growth of technology and its dominance have created countless crises for the human ecosystem. The dangerous consequences of this issue have caused humans to think of solutions to this problem. The concern of thinkers in various branches of knowledge has caused humans to enter into this issue in all scientific fields, which eventually led to the emergence of interdisciplinary studies; including the relationship and comparative research of the environment with architecture, philosophy, art, politics, etc. are examples of this interdisciplinary cooperation. One of the most important fields and areas of interdisciplinary studies is the relationship between the environment and literature. Literature and literary works are a suitable platform for expressing cultural issues and indirectly educating the audience in all important fields and topics for the improvement and continuation of human life. Therefore, the raising of environmental issues in literary works and the examination of these works have led to the emergence of a type of criticism in literature called ecological criticism. In the present study, which was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and library studies, two collections of stories on the subject of the environment have been criticized and examined; one is the collection of short stories Villa Kaka'iha by contemporary writers selected by Mohammad Reza Bayrami and the other is the collection of teenage novels Children Around the World by various foreign writers translated by a group of translators.

In the morphological processes like affixation and cliticization, these morphemes are affected by phonological conditions which make alternating forms out of them. In this descriptive?analytic research, the alternating forms of bound morphemes in Kalhori Kurdish were investigated, within the framework of Parallel Optimality Theory. The data were collected, transcribed, and parsed into relevant morphemes through a 12?hour interview of 15 speakers of Kalhori Kurdish from Gilan?e  Gharb. Also, the questionnaire of “Atlas of the Languages of Iran” was answered by a male and female speaker of this dialect; then the answers were collected and analyzed. Vowel hiatus, as one of the undesirable phenomenon in most world languages, was revealed to be the main motive for the alternating forms of morphemes to be shaped. This phenomenon is resolved by different processes like insertion, glide formation, deletion, coalescence, and morpheme displacement in this dialect. The diversity in the resolutions of such a single problem is concerned to the limitations of Kalhuri Kurdish phonological system. In spite of this diversity, there is a systematic order and conspiracy in the application of the aforementioned processes. Assimilation is the only processes applied not related to vowel hiatus. Also, the differences between the behavior of enclitics and verb endings in solving this problem is resulted from their different category. Enclitics as lexical morphemes apply deletion as the last resort, while the verb endings as functional categories apply it first. And the final conclusion is that the parallel version of Optimality Theory can properly explain the investigated data in this research.   

   در خصوص علت فرونشست زمين همواره نظريات مختلفي وجود دارد اما كارشناسان زمين‌شناسي درباره علل آن به موضوعاتي نظير برداشت بي رويه از آب‌هاي زيرزميني و ويژگي‌هاي مهندسي رسوبات و عوامل تكتونيكي اشاره دارند. عوامل متعددي باعث ايجاد فرونشست مي‌شوند كه مي‌توان به انحلال، تراكم نهشته‌ها، حركت آرام زمين و يا عمليات انساني نظير معدن كاري يا برداشت آب زيرزميني و نفت و گاز اشاره كرد. با توجه به‌ضرورت بررسي اين مسئله لزوم شناخت صحيح از نحوه عملكرد، عوامل مؤثر بر آن و مدت‌زمان آن به‌منظور جلوگيري و كنترل اين پديده مخرب از اهميت بسزايي برخوردار است. اندازه‌گيري ميزان فرونشست با استفاده از روش تداخل سنجي راداري توانايي خود را در پايش تغييرات سطح زمين نشان داده است، به‌طوري‌كه با استفاده از اين فناوري، امكان پايش حركات كوچك سطح زمين به‌صورت پيوسته، با دقت بالا و در گستره وسيع امكان‌پذير است. در اين مطالعه، روش تداخل سنجي راداري با استفاده از تصاوير sentinel1 و با تأكيد بر عوامل زمين‌شناختي و آب‌شناختي استفاده‌شده است. محدوده موردمطالعه دشت كرمانشاه و بازه زماني بررسي، 2015 الي 2022 مي‌باشد. نتايج به‌دست‌آمده ميزان فرونشست 1/1 الي 7/2 سانتي­متر در بازه زماني 7 ساله را در منطقه نشان مي‌دهد. توزيع فضايي نواحي فرونشست، حاكي از بيشينه رخداد فرونشست در نواحي شمال غرب دشت، مناطق نهر آبي و جان جان، مركز، ياوري و سفيد چقا، در شرق، دو چشمه و ولي‌آباد و جنوب شرق محدوده حصار سفيد و سه چك مي‌باشند. شمال غرب محدوه در منطقه نهر آبي و جان جان در محدوده زماني مطالعه شده ميزان افت سطح آب چاه‌ها به حداكثر خود يعني حدود 25 تا 45 متر رسيده است. همچنين با توجه به نقشه فرونشست منطقه (شكل 5-1) و بررسي‌هاي تصاوير سنتينل بيشترين فرونشست در همين محدوده شمال غرب اتفاق افتاده است. مقايسه ‌نتايج‌ به‌دست‌آمده ‌از ‌هر‌ دو ‌روش ‌بيانگر ‌اين‌ مطلب ‌است‌ كه‌ در ‌اين ‌منطقه ‌براثر‌ مصرف بي‌رويه آب‌هاي زيرزميني با افت سطح آب مواجه هستيم كه در طي سال‌هاي متوالي باعث بروز پديده فرونشست گرديده است. برگزاري دوره‌هاي آموزشي و افزايش آگاهي عمومي درباره خطرات و راهكارهاي مديريت فرونشست زمين، نظارت بر بهره‌برداري از چاه‌ها براي جلوگيري از بهره‌برداري‌هاي بيش‌ازحد مجاز مشخص‌شده، استفاده از روش‌هاي آبياري جديد، بازرسي حضوري از مناطق به‌منظور پلمپ كردن چاه‌هاي بدون مجوز حفاري و بهره‌برداري، بالا بردن راندمان آبياري و انتقال آب از طريق برنامه‌ريزي و به كار گرفتن نيروهاي كارشناس در زمينه مهندسي كشاورزي و آبياري، تعيين محدوده و نرخ فرونشست با توجه به كم‌هزينه بودن و دقت بالاي روش تداخل سنجي راداري كه مي‌توان به‌صورت مداوم از آن بهره برد، اجراي برنامه‌هاي پايدارسازي زمين، اعمال اقدامات مهندسي مانند ايجاد سازه‌هاي پشتيباني و تقويت زيرساخت‌ها به‌منظور كنترل و كاهش فرونشست زمين براي ساخت زيربناها اعم از جاده‌ها و خطوط انتقال نيرو، مي‌تواند از راه‌كارهاي عملي اين پروژه و تحقيقات بعدي و مشابه باشد. كليد واژگان: فرونشست، آب زيرزميني، تكنيك تداخل سنجي راداري، دشت كرمانشاه   

  The present study in the field of pragmatics, employs Jonathan Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness (1996 and 2011) to examine the ways of harming the face of women in Iranian cinema of the 1390s. The first aim of this research was to find the different strategies of impoliteness directed towards women. The primary goal of this research was to identify various strategies of impoliteness directed towards women. The second goal was to investigate how the social context influences impoliteness against women. The third goal of the research was to analyze how the patriarchal system is reproduced or criticized considering the strategies of impoliteness. Given the reciprocal relationship between cinema and society, the cinema of the 1390s is considered a reflection of the cultural and social conditions of women in contemporary Iranian society. For this purpose, five films from the cinema of the 1390s were selected as case studies. Finally, based on the analysis according to Culpeper's theory of impoliteness on the extracted dialogues from the selected works, the way language impacts the portrayal of women from different social classes was explained. The findings of this research indicate that among the five strategies of impoliteness, positive impoliteness and negative impoliteness are the most prevalent types used against women in the cinema of the 1390s, with the former more commonly used against women of the middle- and upper-classes, and the second pattern used against women of the lower-class. Additionally, the research shows that in this decade, some works contribute to the reproduction of the status quo, while others critique it.

 AbstractThis thesis is a research using the science of linguistics as a suitable tool to study all kinds of texts and also to analyze the specific style of each text, based on Searle's (1969) theory, that examines Kahf Surah and analyzes its verses from the point of view of speech acts that are used in it, and considers special aspects of heavenly word of Quran. Based on this theory, Searle, by accepting that speech act is the basic unit of meaning, divided these acts into five categories: representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. Our goal in this research is to investigate the effectiveness of this theory in the verses of Surah Kahf, the types and frequency of used speech acts, and also to identify the differences of this theory in accordance with the verses of this Surah. According to the investigations carried out in this research, the obtained results indicate that the representative speech act accounted for the largest number of speech acts with 34%, followed by directive speech act with a frequency of 30%, expressive 16%, commissive 10%, specific 9% and declarative 1% in order of frequency they had. It should be noted that, in addition to the five speech acts mentioned by Searle, some certain speech acts were observed in some verses of this Surah that did not meet the conditions of the appropriateness of the mentioned ones and they were not included in any of the above categories. Therefore, we chose the title "specific speech acts" for the newly found ones in these specific and marked verses. In the end, the incompatibility of this theory with the Qur'anic text as a religious sign can be seen as a proof of the special style of the word of God and its meta-linguistic features.Key words: Speech act theory, J.L. Austin, John R. Searle, Speech acts, Quran, Surah Kahf

(خدا) به هر كس كه بخواهد حكمت مى ‏بخشد، و به هر كس حكمت داده شود، به يقين‏، خيرى فراوان داده شده است‏؛ و جز خردمندان‏، كسى پند نمى‏ گيرد. (سوره بقره آيه ???). بيش از تقريبا بيست سال است كه همچون يك دلباخته به گردآوري گفتارهاي حكمت آميز و سخن­هاي ماندگار پيشينيان سرگرمم.ازآن سال­هاي دور تا هم­اكنون، هر گاه كه چشمم بر يكي از اين گفتارها و سخنان مي­افتاد، آن را بي­درنگ در دفترهايي كه براي همين كار اختصاص داده­ام مي­نويسم. از آن روز تاكنون سخن­هاي بسياري را گردآورده­ام  

  سيلاب يكي از پرهزينه

Abstract  Purpose: The Corona virus and its effects and consequences have engenderedmany challenges in the economic and livelihood situation of the people, andcountries have taken various measures and methods in order to prevent thefurther spread of this virus. These methods have caused the lack of timelysupply of rural products and marketing, lack of supply of fodders, changes inthe livelihood strategies of the villagers, etc., which has consequentlyaffected the economic and livelihood status of the villagers. Accordingly, themain purpose of the present research is evaluating the impact of the spread ofthe Covid-19 pandemic on the economy and livelihood of selected villages ofKermanshah province in order its effects on the supply chain ( fodders,marketing and sales) of the dominant products, the total or partial changes ofthe livelihood strategies and the income and employment of the investigatedvillagers be evaluated.Methodology: This is adevelopmental - functional and qualitative research. In order to conduct thisstudy a grounded theory method, library studies, unstructured interviews,subjective analysis and also snowball sampling were used.136 people consistingof a group of local officials (40 people) and  residents (96 people) were interviewed,  local officials' interviews were in the form of   the full enumeration and in-depth method forresidents.   Data collection continuesuntil the theoretical data saturation is reached so that the codes are completeand no new codes are obtained. The data were collected through semi-structuredinterviews and Maxqda software were used to manage and code the documents, andfinally data were analyzed.Findings: The findings of the study led tothe identification of 370 categories and 13 dir="LTR" >Conclusion: It can beconcluded from the analysis of the research findings that Corona by affectingthe economic and livelihood status of the villagers has finally caused adecline in their income, that planning and measure focusing on the effect   Identified can hel   improve the economic and livelihood situationof the villagers during the corona pandemic.  Keywords: supply chain, rural economy, marketing of agricultural products,rural employment, Covid-19.  

   The use of cyberspace in the new era has become pervasive in all management matters and one of the parts that can be used more properly in this context is rural areas. Today, statistics in the communication and information technology system show that the Internet has a significant influence in rural areas which is increasing worldwide. Smartening of rural areas means the useful use of communication and information tools in order to facilitate the provision of services to the community, smartening rural areas means using useful communication and information tools to facilitate the provision of services to the community, this measure is now being provided efficiently in many European countries. Successful experiences in the field of intelligence have also taken place in Asia, and the results obtained from these experiences are a window of hope to improve life in rural areas and repair the problems that have arisen, and to prevent the disruption of social structures of villages and to deal with the phenomenon of rural evasion. And somehow it can be claimed that with the improvement of information technology and smartening of villages, the quality of life of villagers improves. This thesis was a review of the current situation and planning for the smartening of villages in the Kalar County of Sulaimaniyah province, Iraq. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools will be used to collect information and the data. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools were used to collect information and data. The statistical population of the study was four rural districts of Kalar county, from which three villages were selected by simple random sampling and in total using Cochran's formula with an error of 5%. From a total of 262 households in this area and using Morgan table, 151 Samples were prepared to collect information.   And by examining the validity of the questionnaire, the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha statistics. The results of this dissertation showed that the existing infrastructure for smartening in the villages of Clare County is in a disproportionate condition. And the level of knowledge and information of indigenous peoples for intelligence in rural areas of Kalar county is in a disproportionate situation and unfortunately Smartening of villages efficiently does not affect the quality of life of indigenous people as it should, And the components that progressive and deterrent the realization of intelligence in rural Kalar does not fit into what is promising.