Hamzeh Ghobadi Zadeh

   This study analyzes Jungian archetypes in Abdullah Al-Busais’ novel Ta‘m al-Dhi’b (The Taste of the Wolf). The research approaches the novel through Jungian psychology, with a focus on the theory of archetypes and the collective unconscious. The main objective is to examine symbols such as the “wolf,” the “desert,” and the character of “Dhiban” as archetypal manifestations within the narrative structure of the novel, and to trace the protagonist’s psychological and identity transformation within the specific socio-cultural context of the story. Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and applies Jungian archetypal criticism, while also comparing The Taste of the Wolf with other Arabic literary works analyzed through archetypal theory. This provides new insights into the role of symbols and Jungian archetypes in contemporary Arabic literature. The findings reveal that applying Jungian archetypal theory in Arabic literary criticism opens new horizons for interpreting symbolic and psychological texts. The study concludes that The Taste of the Wolf not only reflects a crisis of identity and the individual’s quest for self-awareness but also employs Jungian archetypes such as the “Shadow” and the “Hero’s Journey” to portray Dhiban’s developmental stages. Symbolism emerges in the novel through the wolf as a symbol of the Shadow and the power of nature, and through the desert environment as a testing ground for the hero’s character. The novel also points to the process of individuation from a Jungian perspective, where the individual attains maturity and self-awareness through confronting the collective unconscious and engaging in spiritual experiences.    Keywords: Jung, archetype, collective unconscious, hero’s journey, shadow, Al-Busais, The Taste of the Wolf.

شده تحقيق ارزيابي شوند و جمع­بندي نهايي تحقيق ارائه گردد.  

   In recent decades, the use of ancient sites for tourism has become a key pillar of cultural tourism, where visitors can discover and experience the past in an authentic environment, as part of the historical past. Archaeological parks should be designed in such a way that using modern technologies and social media, historical works can be presented experimentally. Historical parks are important because they connect the audience with the past, they are attractive to people. The purpose of the current research is the archeological park and its effect on the development of tourism in Ganj Dera Neolithic area, therefore, the current research seeks to answer the following questions: 1. The capabilities of Ganj Dera hill in order to create What is an archaeological park? 2. What effect does the creation of an archaeological park in Tepe Ganj Dere have on the development of tourism in the region? 3. What are the effects of creating an archaeological park in the protection and further introduction of Tepe Ganj Dere? The current research is by collecting materials in a library and descriptive form. Also, in order to better understand the creation of an archaeological park using 3D design, a general plan of the Ganjdera area has been exhibited, in which, in addition to The area of ??other activities such as accommodation space, coffee shop, playground for children, museum, etc. has been displayed. Ganj Dera ancient site dating from 8200 to 7600 BC is one of the first human settlements where goats were domesticated for the first time and evidences related to the construction of clay vessels and adobe houses were found. This indicates the favorable geographical conditions of this region during the Neolithic period. For this purpose, the creation of an archaeological park that has adequate amenities and security will cause many domestic and foreign tourists to travel to this area every year, and this will increase the tourism industry in the province and create employment. It preserves and protects the area and prevents its destruction. Key words: Archeology Park, Ganj Dere, tourism, Neolithic period.

   غرب ايران كه رشته كوه‌هاي زاگرس مركزي بخش عمده آن را در بـر گرفتـه اسـت، شواهدي مهم از تحولات فرهنگـي اجتمـاعي را در طـول ادوار مختلـف نشان مي‌دهد كه از اوايل قرن بيستم و مخصوصاً از اواسط اين قرن مورد توجه بسياري از باستان‌شناسـان قـرار گرفتـه و بررسـي و كاوش‌هاي متعددي در آن به انجام رسيده است. دشت چمچمال از وسيع‌ترين دشت‌هاي ميان‌كوهي منطقه‌ي زاگرس مي‌باشد كه در آن دو رودخانه گاماسياب و دينور جريان دارد. جاده‌ي بزرگ خراسان در طول مسير شرقي-غربي دشت و به موازات رودخانه گاماسياب در اين دشت تداوم مي‌يابد. متوسط ارتفاع دشت چمچمال از سطح دريا بين 1300 تا 1400 متر و وسعت حوزه آبريز آن تا دهانه‌ي ورودي دينور 460 كيلومتر مربع است. اين دشت در محدوه شهرستان‌هاي صحنه و هرسين واقع شده و در طول دوران پيش از اسلام و اسلامي همواره يكي از مناطق پرجمعيت بوده است. پژوهش حاضر با تكيه بر كارهاي ميداني و مطالعات كتابخانه‌اي سعي مي‌كند تا تاثير عوامل محيطي و متغيرهاي وابسته به آن را بر استقرارهاي دوران اشكاني و ساساني دشت چمچمال بررسي نمايد. در راستاي اين هدف چهار عامل ارتفاع از سطح دريا، درصد شيب زمين، فاصله از منابع آب و وسعت محوطه‌ها به عنوان متغير جغرافيايي در نظر گرفته مي‌شود. با تحليل‌هاي صورت گرفته در نرم افزار ArcMap پراكندگي محوطه‌هاي مورد نظر نسبت به اين عوامل را مورد بررسي قرار مي‌دهيم.

   Pottery has valuable information that can target cultural, religious, social and religious conditions. J pottery refers to a special type of pottery made in the copper and stone age. The J pottery tradition is prevalent in the culture known as the Halaf culture. This culture was first created in Mesopotamia and then spread to other regions. For this reason, it is considered a transregional culture. In the natural geography of Halaf culture, the Central Zagros region on the borders of present-day Iran becomes the eastern territory. J pottery is a very important and special symbol of Halaf culture in Central Zagros. This pottery tradition is based on making pottery with elegance and precision in design, quality of construction and the existence of various designs. According to the results of petrographic tests, the texture of this type of pottery is polished and the vessels of this type have a combined temper and sufficient heat. The number of coarse pottery in this pottery tradition is very low. This pottery tradition in Central Zagros dates back to the first half of the Old Copper and Stone period. J pottery is a clay whose production is completely local and made in Central Zagros, and only its constituent elements such as construction method, motifs, form, etc. are borrowed from Halaf culture. In this era, grain and domestic animals were imported from Mesopotamia to Zagros and minerals and metal made from Zagros to Mesopotamia as a trade trend. The Halaf culture was transferred to Zagros through these commercial connections, and naturally, the production and construction of a new and special pottery horizon is called. Examining the primary motifs of these pottery and also knowing their form, we can have a better aim of cultural and social conditions. Despite being special, the Jay pottery has not been studied further.       Keywords: J ware, central Zagros, Farhang Halaf, Mesopotamia.

   1 مقدمه

محوط? باستاني داياآرديزي پلدختر به دست آمده است  

   Destruction of cultural heritage is the most important and fundamental example of vandalism that the country is facing today. This issue is also clear in Kermanshah province due to the abundance of ancient monuments. Although various factors have been listed for vandalism at the national and international level, which are rooted in sociological, economic and psychological issues, but this issue has not yet been investigated in relation to the cultural heritage of Kermanshah province from a psychological point of view. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between personality traits and the destruction of ancient monuments through the mediation of failure by visitors, focusing on the city of Kermanshah. Due to the fact that quantitative and qualitative data were used in this research, therefore, the current research is a hybrid type of research in terms of data type and the method of data collection and analysis. In the qualitative part (semi-structured interview), a list of vandals who have destroyed historical-cultural properties was collected from the trustee organizations (municipality and justice) of Kermanshah city through judgmental and purposeful sampling. Also, in the quantitative part (survey) of the demographic questionnaire including occupation, education, gender, indigenous-non-indigenous, income, age, and personality characteristics assessment questionnaire (NEO-FFI) by McCree and Costa (1985), Gilbert and Allen's (1998) feelings of failure questionnaire. ) and researcher-made vandalistic behavior questionnaire was used. The statistical population of the research also includes all the people living in the cultural-historical areas of Kermanshah. The total number of visitors is 311 thousand. Considering that the sample size is large and it is not possible to access all the people, therefore, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula and at a significance level of 0.05. In the semi-structured interview section, there are 23 people under investigation. The data obtained from the interview were also analyzed by Max Kyuda software. Also, the data from the questionnaire was analyzed using the structural equation method, and Sobel's test was used to investigate the mediator role, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, and content validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire. The results of the interviews showed that in the vandalistic behavior that leads to the destruction of historical monuments, four factors of personality disintegration, communication with sabotaging friends, the way of spending free time and the type of behavior of people are influential. The research results showed that there is a positive and direct relationship between neuroticism, extroversion and failure. In contrast, there is a relationship between openness to experience, adaptability, and conscientiousness with failure. But the relationship is the opposite. Also, the research results showed that there is a positive and direct relationship between neuroticism and conscientiousness with the destruction of ancient monuments. On the other hand, there is a relationship between extroversion, openness to experience, and adaptation to the destruction of ancient monuments. But the relationship is the opposite. Also, the results of the research show that failure has an effect on the relationship between neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, adaptability and conscientiousness with the destruction of ancient monuments. Also, there is a positive and direct relationship between failure and destruction of ancient monuments. It is suggested that those involved in cultural heritage in Kermanshah should pay more attention to personality issues and recognize the needs of people who destroy historical monuments.

         Abstract Pottery is one of the most abundant and important cultural materials that can be studied in ancient sites. Because of its quantity as well as its special and unique characteristics, it can provide information about culture, livelihood, economy and other such things.According to archaeologists, the Iron Age of Iran is one of the most important prehistoric eras, which covers the period of 1500-550 B.C. Regarding the pottery tradition of the Iron Age it can be said that in this period of time a constant pottery tradition is not seen in the west of Iran, and each region has its own pottery tradition. In the upcoming research we will focus on a type of pottery related to the first millennium BC (Iron Age) in the central Zagros region and within the boundaries of cultural Lorestan. Lorestan pottery probably belongs to the local government of Elipi. This type of pottery was first discovered from Tepe Gyan in Nahavand. Grishman called it "Lorestan type".   35 years later this type of pottery was found abundantly in layer III of the excavations of Babajan Tapeh (hill) which was conducted under the supervision of Claire Goff in 1969-1970 in Noorabad city in Lorestan province. From the archeological point of view of the Iron Age the cultural domain of Great Lorestan has special characteristics that have differences with the neighboring domains in this era. It may be related to the environmental conditions and the continuity of previous traditions. All types of Lorestan type pottery in Babajan III Tapeh (hill) have a reddish brown color and their surface is painted with motifs in the form of triangles hanging from the shoulder. This type of pottery has been found so far in the borders between Hamadan, Lorestan and Kermanshah provinces. In terms of shape the containers of this type are in the shape of a jar and in a few cases in the shape of a teapot. A small number of Iron Age sites of Lorestan which have different archeological characteristics have been excavated, and they distinguish Lorestan Iron Age culturally from the neighboring areas to some extent. In the meantime based on the Lorestan type pottery found in some of these geographical areas which are attributed to the Ellipse regimethe Lorestan type pottery is considered to be related to this regime.   Keywords: Pottery, Lorestan type pottery, Ellipse, Babajan III, Iron Age

يكي از يافته­هايي كه از كاوش­هاي   باستان­شناسي مربوط به دوره نوسنگي   در زاگرس به دست آمده، پيكرك­ها گلي هستند، كه از   مسائل ادراكي بحث برانگيز اين دوره مي باشند. پيكرك­ها در گونه هاي حيواني، انساني (مسبك يا انتزاعي ) به منظور اهداف خاصي توسط انسان­هاي بالغ ساخته شده­اند. پيكرك­هاي T شكل گونه­اي از پيكرك­هاي انساني هستند كه از ويژگي­هاي منحصر دوره نوسنگي درهزاره هشتم و هفتم قبل از ميلاد در منطقه زاگرس مي­باشند. اين پيكرك­ها داراي بدنه­اي عمودي يا ساقه­اي بر روي پايه­اي افقي هستندكه شكل يك T برعكس را تداعي مي­كنند. اين پيكرك­ها و نظير آن­ها براي اهداف خاصي ( از جمله طلسم، جادو، محافطت و...) ساخته شده­اند كه روش تحقيق اين موضوع   به صورت توصيفي – تحليلي، با استفاده از منابع كتابخانه­اي انجام گرفته است. واژگان كليدي : دوره نوسنگي، پيكرك­هاي T شكل، زاگرس   

   حوض? رودخان? مهاباد يكي از مهم­ترين مناطق شمال­غرب ايران واقع در جنوب درياچ? اروميه است كه با اتكاء بر بررسي­هاي باستان­شناختي صورت گرفته سابق? سكونت انسان در آن به دور? پارينه­سنگي قديم بر مي­گردد. در اين منطقه دشت وسيع و فراخي به­نام «دشت شهرويران» وجود دارد كه جريان رودخان? مهاباد از وسط آن سبب پيدايش و شكل­گيري سكونتگاه­هاي زيادي از دور? پارينه­سنگي تا عصر حاضر گشته است. رودخان? مهاباد از ارتفاعات منگور واقع در بين مهاباد – پيرانشهر سرچشمه و با عبور از مناطق كوهستاني، در وسط شهر مهاباد و پايين­تر از آن وارد جلگ? وسيعي مابين مهاباد – نقده و مهاباد – مياندوآب مي­گردد. اين جلگه در اداوار گوناگون مورد توجه گروه­هاي مختلف انساني بوده است. با توجه به اين­كه تاكنون در ارتباط با الگوهاي استقراري در منطق? مهاباد پژوهش منسجم و جامعي صورت نگرفته، هدف نوشتار حاضر بر آن است تا به «بررسي و تحليل الگوهاي استقراري دوران پيش­از تاريخ در حوض? رودخانه مهاباد واقع درجنوب درياچه اروميه» بپردازد. فرض بر آن است كه به دليل واقع شدن مهاباد حدفاصل مناطق كوهستاني و جلگه­اي مي­توان نقش اين منطقه را در تحولات فرهنگي جوامع پيش از تاريخ با نواحي هم­جوار از جمله زاگرس شمالي و مركزي و شمال بين­النهرين از طريق يك سري گذرگاه­هاي طبيعي مشخص ترسيم كرد. اين پژوهش به­دنبال مطالعه سير تغيير و تداوم استقرارهاي پيش­ازتاريخ حوض? رودخان? مهاباد و عوامل دخيل در آن (محيطي و انساني و ...) است و اينكه ساكنان منطقه چگونه با بستر محيطي خود و نيز جوامع پيراموني در ديگر مناطق ارتباط و برهمكنش داشته است. مطالع? پيش­رو به روش استقرايي – تحليلي و بر مبناي دو روش كتابخانه­اي و البته بر پايه اطلاعات به­دست آمده از بررسي­هاي پيمايشي باستان­شناسي به انجام خواهد رسيد. هم­چنين از نرم افزار GIS براي تحليل متغييرهاي محيطي و بررسي برهمكنش انسان با محيط پيرامون در طول زمان در منطقه مورد مطالعه استفاده خواهد شد. در نتيجه در پژوهش حاضر مشخص گرديد كه حوض? رودخان? مهاباد با ديگر مناطق ايران از جمله شمال­غرب ايران، زاگرس مركزي، بين­النهرين و قفقاز بر همكنش فرهنگي داشته، به علاوه مشخص گرديد كه متغيرهاي محيطي هم­چون منابع آب دائمي، انتخاب ارتفاع بين 1200 – 1400، شيب كم­تر از 5 %، و واقع شدن در اقليم خشك و دوران زمين­شناسي كواترنري در چينش و الگوي استقرارهاي پيش از تاريخ حوض? رودخانه مهاباد نقش مهم و كليدي داشته است.   كليد واژگان: حوض? رودخان? مهاباد، پيش از تاريخ، جنوب درياچه اروميه، الگوي استقراري