Ali Akbar Mohseni

Monitoring agricultural drought has always beenchallenging due to the time lag between the occurrence of precipitation deficitand the onset of plant stress. Common indices such as SPEI typically ignorethis time lag and therefore do not provide a fully accurate picture ofagricultural drought conditions. In this study, the Comprehensive AgriculturalDrought Index (CADI) was applied for the spatiotemporal monitoring of droughtin Iran over the 30-year period from 1995 to 2024. The main innovation of CADIlies in quantifying the time lag of soil moisture response to precipitation andreference evapotra  iration (ET0) using the Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT).This index is calculated by integrating three components—soil moisture,precipitation, and evapotra  iration—as CADI = SMCI × (PCI/ECI). TerraClimatedata with a spatial resolution of 4 km were used as the basis for the analysis.The results showed that the spatial and temporalpatterns of agricultural drought in Iran are not uniform. Contrary to commonexpectations, the most severe droughts occur during the cold seasons (autumnand winter), across a wide expanse of Iran, the mean of CADI during theseseasons is approximately -1.5. January and February were identified as the mostcritical period of the year. Summer, with a mean CADI ranging from about -0.5to +0.5, is regarded as the season with non-drought conditions in Iran.Spatially, the western, northwestern and southwestern regions and the Zagrosslopes were identified as the most persistent hotspots of chronic agriculturaldrought. In these areas, CADI is consistently below -1. The Mann-Kendall testrevealed that the frequency of agricultural drought has increased significantly(p < 0.05) across more than half of the country’s area. Decadal comparisonsconfirm this trend: drought frequency increased by approximately 25–30% in thesecond decade (2005–2014) compared to the first decade (1995–2004), and byabout 40–45% in the third decade (2015–2024) relative to the first decade.Performance evaluation using the AUC criterion showed that CADI outperformsSPEI in all seasons. The AUC range for CADI was 0.516–0.613, while for SPEI itwas 0.263–0.482. The largest performance difference was observed in summer,with an AUC difference of approximately 0.35.This study demonstrates that incorporating soil moisture time lags andsimultaneously integrating variables significantly improves the accuracy of

      رمان شرف اثر صنع‌الله ابراهيم از شاخص‌ترين آثار واقع‌گرايانه‌ي ادبيات معاصر عرب به شمار مي‌آيد كه نويسنده در آن با نگاهي انتقادي، سيماي جامعه‌ي مصر را در دوران معاصر ترسيم كرده است. پژوهش حاضر با عنوان «شخصيت‌پردازي در رمان شرف اثر صنع‌الله ابراهيم» با هدف بررسي شيوه‌هاي شخصيت‌پردازي و چگونگي تأثير آن در انتقال مضامين اجتماعي و انساني اين رمان انجام گرفته است. اين پژوهش با روش توصيفي ـ تحليلي و بر پايه‌ي منابع كتابخانه‌اي تنظيم شده و در آن، مهم‌ترين شيوه‌هاي شخصيت‌پردازي ازجمله توصيف مستقيم،گفت‌وگو،كنش، زاويه‌ي ديد و توصيف محيط مورد‌بررسي قرارگرفته است. نتايج نشان مي‌دهد. صنع‌الله ابراهيم با به‌كارگيري شيوه‌هاي‌گوناگون شخصيت‌پردازي، توانسته است تيپ‌هاي انساني‌گوناگوني را بازنمايي كندكه هريك بيانگر بُعدي از واقعيت تلخ جامعه‌ي مصر است. شخصيت‌ها در اين رمان، به‌ويژه شخصيت اصلي يعني «شرف»، بازتابي از انسان معاصر مصري‌اندكه در برابر فساد، تبعيض و نابساماني اجتماعي ايستاده است. نويسنده از طريق شخصيت‌پردازي هنرمندانه، به‌گونه‌اي نمادين وضعيت سياسي و اخلاقي جامعه را نقد مي‌كند و مخاطب را به انديشيدن درباره‌ي عدالت و انسانيت فرامي‌خواند. كليدواژه‌ها: ادبيات عرب معاصر، صنع‌الله ابراهيم، رمان شرف، شخصيت‌پردازي

  **Abstract** **Objective:** The present research aims to analyze the role of motherhood and femininity as two fundamental axes in the representation of the "female self," focusing on the autobiographies of Simone de Beauvoir, Annie Ernaux, and Shiva Ali-Naghian. A primary objective is to examine how the experience of motherhood—as a physical, emotional, and simultaneously socially constructed relationship—plays a role in shaping women's identities, and how these authors have rethought this experience through their personal narratives. Another key objective is to explore the theoretical potential of the studied texts in relation to the concept of "matrilineal literature" or "literature of motherhood"—a question recently raised in the fields of women's studies and literary criticism that could pave the way for identifying an independent literary genre. In this genre, the experience of motherhood is considered not as a marginal issue, but as an i  iring source for literary creation and cultural representation. **Methodology:** This is a fundamental research study. Relying on a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing library resources, it examines the works of the discussed authors. **Findings:** Through a comparative reading of the autobiographical writings of Simone de Beauvoir, Annie Ernaux, and Shiva Ali-Naghian, this thesis explores "motherhood" and "femininity" as two constitutive axes of female identity. The outcome of this exploration is a set of coherent findings that both advance the theoretical formulation of "literature of motherhood" and demonstrate how the physical, emotional, and cultural experiences of motherhood lead to a redefinition of the "female self." Drawing on the triple narratives, the research shows that motherhood in women's writing is a focal point for understanding identity, body, language, and society. The discourse emerging from these personal/collective narratives subverts the rules of classical autobiography (autobiography) and enables the articulation of often u  oken experiences. Consequently, "literature of motherhood" is formulated in this research as a fertile and cross-cultural field that could gradually evolve into a recognized literary genre. **Conclusion:** This research demonstrated that women's autobiographical writing, particularly when centered on the experience of motherhood and femininity, is a resistant, theorizing, and society-building act. The comparative study of the works by de Beauvoir, Ernaux, and Ali-Naghian proved that "literature of motherhood" as an independent literary discourse is not only legitimate but essential for completing literary history and restoring the voice of half of humanity to the cultural text. This seemingly emerging genre, by illuminating the complexities of the maternal experience, can serve as a guiding light for current and future generations of women, enabling them to experience life and motherhood not based on imposed imperatives, but through the path of their own awareness, choice, and narrative.

   Purpose: "The book This Street Has No Speed Limiter is written by Maryam Jahani, a young contemporary writer from Kermanshahi. This book was published in 1395 in the center publications. In 2016, in addition to the fact that this book won the Jalal Al Ahmad Literary Award (10th edition) in the "long story and novel" section (jointly), it was also the selected work of the literature section (prose) in the 35th edition of the book of the year. was known Our goal in this research is to determine how Jahani created characters and how he used these characters to express his social point of view. And to what extent the author was able to reveal the depth and social status of the people of Kermanshah, especially women, in the two areas of identity and social etiquette? And according to the author and the characters in his novel, what are the barriers to progress or dos and don'ts for women in society that should be removed? Research Methodology: The present research investigates Piergirou's social semiotics in the novel "This Street Has No Speed Limit" by referring to library and electronic sources and using a descriptive-analytical method. In this way, by taking out the social signs in the novel and analyzing and analyzing those cases, we try to reveal the hidden layers of the text, and in this way, we can have a superficial and comprehensive knowledge of the people of Kermanshah and the knowledge about the position and dignity of the women of this city. Let's get to the men. Findings: Semiotics is an interdisciplinary approach that examines the signs and understanding the meanings hidden in the text. The approach of social semiotics is one of the important subsets of semiotics, which includes two important areas: "A: Codes of identity" and "B: Social etiquette". The author of this novel wants to describe the world of women who have a critical approach towards men, women who are between the patriarchal world and feminine desires, and sometimes they cannot create a balance between the two and suffer from psychosis. The findings of the research show that the author tries to depict the realities that women face in a patriarchal society by using social signs.   Conclusion: Social signs reveal the hidden layers of the society to us, and knowing the weaknesses and strengths of the society, we criticize the society of the author's time with an open and conscious view. A society where patriarchy prevails and misogyny is one of the prominent behaviors of these people. It is clear that even though the society and the country are moving towards modernity, many old habits and traditions are still standing and it needs time and culture to eradicate these wrong traditions. In this novel, we can consider Shahreh as a symbol of modernity and the rest of the characters as symbols of traditionalism. Since the number of those who are interested in traditionalism is more and the victory is with them, but modernity, although small, injects its positive effects into the society.   Keywords: fiction, social novel, criticism of social semiotics, Piergirou, Maryam Jahani this street has no speed limit.

   Abstract   Introduction: This research thesis is about the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on Tarsusi's Darabnameh. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has long been considered as the world's greatest and most famous epic works, and considering that the field of influence of the Shahnameh is so wide that it has gone beyond the borders of Iran and even European literature has been influenced by it. We decided to analyze and examine the role model of one of the great Iranian writers, Abu Taher Tarsousi, in the book Darab Nameh of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. So far, considerable studies have been conducted and published about the influence of the Shahnameh on the works after it, but no research has been found that analyzes the topics of the Shahnameh in comparison with other works, with explanations and interpretations. This field has been limited to the subjects of the Shahnameh, in fact, along with the influence of the desired texts on the Shahnameh in different aspects, several cases of the Shahnameh have been analyzed and investigated. This research is divided into five chapters, the first chapter briefly mentions the issues that are raised and analyzed in this research, the second chapter mentions the research method, the third chapter mentions the background of the research in which some articles that are effective Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on various works are analyzed and analyzed, in the fourth chapter, all the findings are analyzed along with examples from Darab Nameh of Tarsusi, and finally, the fifth chapter mentions the results of this research. The purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to mention, investigate and analyze the extent and the most important aspects of the influence and influence of the Shahnameh on the Darab Nameh of Tarsus and also to mention some reasons for the influence of the Darab Nameh of Tarsus on the Shahnameh. Research Methodology: This thesis has been done in a documentary-analytical way with library studies and review of important editions as well as scanning and review of various articles and researches in this field. Research questions: 1) Which subjects of Shahnameh are used in Darabname of Tarsusi? 2) What is the effectiveness of Tarsusi's Darab Nama on Shahnameh topics? 3) Why is Tarsosi influenced by Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in Darab Nameh - as a popular and heroic work? Research findings: By reviving and representing the narrative history of ancient Iran and recognizing national myths, in addition to influencing the official literature through beliefs, thoughts, and characters, Ferdowsi was able to deeply influence the culture of folk literature and heroic stories. The influence of Tarsusi on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in various aspects, including: belief in fur, belief in prophesy and somnambulism, belief in chivalry, belief in revenge, belief in fate, burial, celebration and wine, will, report, advice and advice, patriotism , love, obedience, hunting, marriage, sacrifice, consultation, murder, letter writing, torture, blackmail and blackmail, tricks, war, testing different weapons and techniques, scolding a girl, breaking a habit, crossing water, confinement, hadith nafs, Naming and description have been investigated and analyzed. The results of the research: Finally, in examining the story of Darab Nameh and comparing it with Shahnameh, we come to the conclusion that having a number of characteristics, beliefs and functions with

هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر تحليل گفتمان موجود در دوخطبه «غراء و اشباح» از نهج‌البلاغه است كه در ادبيات اسلامي، به‌عنوان يك اثر ادبي و اخلاقي معتبر، حاوي خطبه‌ها، نامه‌ها و حكمت‌هايي درنهايت بلاغت و فصاحت است و ازآنجايي‌كه گفتمان هر جامعه تحت تأثير قدرت حاكم بر آن است، بنابراين، تحليل ارتباط آثار ادبي تنها به جوانب زباني متون محدود نمي‌شود، بلكه نيازمند بررسي چگونگي، بستر رويش و خلق متن،   چرايي خلق متن، ايدئولوژي و قدرت مسلط حاكم بر آن و در نهايت كنش اجتماعي متن در محيط جامعه است و جستار حاضر دو خطبه مذكور را از منظر نظريه گفتمان انتقادي فركلاف كه بيانگر مسائل مذكور است، بررسي كرده است. مسئله و روش پژوهش: اين پژوهش با روش تحليلي-توصيفي و بر اساس تئوري تحليل گفتمان انتقادي نورمن فر كلاف به‌منزله يك رويكرد بينا رشته‌اي، ساحت­هاي «توصيف، تفسير و تبيين» در اين دو خطبه را با تأكيد بر جنب? ايدئولوژيكي و قدرت محتواي آن تحليل نموده است و درصدد پاسخ‌گويي به اين پرسش‌ها است كه درون‌مايه اصلي اين دو خطبه چيست و اين نظريه چگونه بستر فهم عميق‌تر آن دو را فراهم مي‌كند. يافته­ها: يافته­ها در بخش توصيف و تفسير نشان مي‌دهد كه دو خطبه مذكور از ديدگاه روابط آوايي، معنايي و ساختار صرفي و نحوي جملات، بار ايدئولوژيكي، علمي و اخلاقي و ارزش بلاغي و فصاحت واژگان، متناسب با بافت موقعيتي جامعه و هدف خطابه‌گويي امام است. در بخش تبيين نيز، تأثيرگذاري كلام امام بر جو حاكم و تغيير آن با فوران عواطف و احساسات مخاطب همراه شده است كه زمينه‌ رهايي ايشان از جهل با شواهد تاريخي، علمي و مستند را بيان مي‌كند. نتيجه ­گيري: تحليل دقيق و بررسي مفصل مفاهيم دو خطبه نشان مي‌دهد كه تناسب و توازن در آن‌ها به‌گونه‌اي است كه بر مخاطب به‌شدت تأثيرگذار است. اين قدرت ارتباط كلامي با مخاطبان نشان مي‌دهد كه امام با بهره‌گيري از ابزارهاي بلاغي، بياني و موسيقايي كلام توانسته احساسات، عواطف و عقايد جامعه و مخاطب را متأثر كرده و گاهي به چالش بكشد.

   قرآن كريم كه يكي از معجزات بي­بديل الهي در علم بلاغت است، براي هدايت و روشنگري انسان­ها و رسانيدن آنان به سرچشمه زلال معرفت الهي، همواره از رساترين و فصيح­ترين اسلوب­ها استفاده كرده است؛ لذا در اين حقيقت شكي نيست كه آيات قرآن سخنان و كلام بزرگان دين بويژه امامان معصوم (عليهم السلام)، در بردارنده مضامين، معاني روح­بخش و تركيبات متين و الهام بخشي است كه با گذشت قرون و اعصار و پيشرفت انديشه بشري بويژه در حوزه زيبايي­شناسي، هر روز جلو? تازه­اي از اسرار علوم و معارف الهي، براي بشر امروز نمايان مي­شود. از جمله اين علوم، علوم بلاغت است كه به معناي مطابقت كلام با مقتضاي حال مخاطب، هماره به عنوان يكي از جلوه­هاي اعجاز و هماوردناپذيري قرآن، مطرح بوده است و به دليل غايت و هدفي كه دارد (معرفت قرآن كريم) از اشرف علوم به حساب مي­آيد.اين دانش خود شامل معاني، بيان و بديع است؛ رعايت هركدام از اين موارد سبب زيبايي كلام و تأثير بيشتر بر مخاطب مي­شود. علم معاني، در جهت شناخت دقيق ابعاد مختلف بلاغت كلام به صورت عام و كلام الهي به صورت خاص، پديد آمده است و متكلم را قادر مي­سازد تا آنچه در ذهن مي­پروراند به مخاطب القا نمايد. زيبايي­هاي قرآن كريم از نظر اين علم، مباحث متعددي را شامل مي­شود كه مي­توان به احوال جمله­هاي انشايي اعم از طلبي به عنوان يكي از مقاصد آن اشاره نمود كه به دليل افاد? معاني ثانوي، در علم معاني از اهميّت بالايي برخوردارند. اين پژوهش به روش تحليلي- توصيفي به بررسي و استخراج جملات انشايي طلبي در جلد دوم كتاب الحياة اثر علامه محمّدرضا حكيمي كه در كتب بلاغي به آن اشاره شده پرداخته است. بررسي­هاي به عمل آمده حاكي از آن است كه استفهام يكي از اقسام پركاربرد اين انشاء است كه در جلد دوم كتاب الحياة نيز فراوان يافت مي­شود؛ چرا كه قرارگرفتن اين اسلوب در لابه لاي آيات قرآن، هم بر زيبايي و فصاحت قرآن مي­افزايد و هم اذهان مخاطبان خود را به موضوعاتي متوجه مي­سازد كه لازم است در اين موضوعات تفكر و بدين­وسيله تحولي بنيادين در نظام فكري و سپس زندگي خود ايجاد كنند. كلمات كليدي: كتاب الحياة، محمدرضا حكيمي، انشا طلبي، اغراض مجازي انشاء طلبي.

   Purpose: The basics of cognitive semantics are based on conceptual construction. Semantic constructions, like other semantic fields, reflect abstract concepts that a person has formed based on his experiences. One of the semantic approaches is pictorial design. In this way, human experiences from the surrounding world create conceptual constructions in his mind that can be transferred to the level of language, hence, tangible and embodied experiences within the conceptual system lead to the production of image schemas. The present article aims to examine some processes and conceptual constructions in cognitive semantics in the form of visual schemas and for this purpose, it has chosen stable compositions. Research Methodology: This research aims to investigate the processes and conceptual structures of sustainability elements based on image schemas in Mushfaq Kashani's poetry with a descriptive-analytical approach based on the theory of cognitive semantics of Likoff, Johnson and Kochesh. Findings of the research: The result of the research shows that the visual schemas in Mushfaq Kashani's poems are more than the type of power schemas. Mushfiq Kashani has expressed the abstract concepts of struggle, oppression, freedom, martyrdom, etc., in the form of pictorial schemas of power so that they are tangible for the audience. Result: The results of the research show that visual constructions in the poems of this sacred defense ritual poet are used to understand the abstract concepts of sustainable elements to describe and explain them. Keywords: semantic theory, image schema, sustainability literature, Mushfaq Kashani.

اين پژوهش يكي از مسائل مهم نقد ادبيات معاصر يعني معادل موضوعي را مورد بررسي قرار مي دهد، مسئله اي كه نخستين بار در آثار نويسند? انگليسي توماس إليوت مطرح شد. پژوهشگر در اين پژوهش به واكاوي نظري? معادل موضوعي از رهگذر بيان مفهوم آن در نقد ادبي معاصر و وجود يا عدم آن در نقد ادبي قديم مي پردازد. وي افزون بر اين، از نظر تطبيقي اين نظريه را بر شعر دكتر زهران جبر كه تجربه­هاي شعري وي از لذت زيبايي شناسي، خلّاقيّت هنري، عمق تصاوير و مهارت در تعبير سرشار است، پياده كرده است. بنابراين اين شعر، ميداني براي اشتراك­هاي عيني شاعر بوده كه در آن دغدغه­هاي ذهني و تجربه­هاي احساسي را براي گريز از بيان احساسات خود به صورت آشكار، تبديل كرده است. هدف از اين جستار تبيين معادل موضوعي در شعر دكتر زهران و چگونگي كاربست آن توسط شاعر به صورت عنصري الهام بخش است كه به واسط? آن از بيان آشكار و مستقيم فاصله گرفته و به ايما و اشاره روي آورده است. اين پژوهش يكي از مسائل مهم نقد ادبيات معاصر يعني معادل موضوعي را مورد بررسي قرار مي دهد، مسئله اي كه نخستين بار در آثار نويسند? انگليسي توماس إليوت مطرح شد. پژوهشگر در اين پژوهش به واكاوي نظري? معادل موضوعي از رهگذر بيان مفهوم آن در نقد ادبي معاصر و وجود يا عدم آن در نقد ادبي قديم مي پردازد. وي افزون بر اين، از نظر تطبيقي اين نظريه را بر شعر دكتر زهران جبر كه تجربه­هاي شعري وي از لذت زيبايي شناسي، خلّاقيّت هنري، عمق تصاوير و مهارت در تعبير سرشار است، پياده كرده است. بنابراين اين شعر، ميداني براي اشتراك­هاي عيني شاعر بوده كه در آن دغدغه­هاي ذهني و تجربه­هاي احساسي را براي گريز از بيان احساسات خود به صورت آشكار، تبديل كرده است. هدف از اين جستار تبيين معادل موضوعي در شعر دكتر زهران و چگونگي كاربست آن توسط شاعر به صورت عنصري الهام بخش است كه به واسط? آن از بيان آشكار و مستقيم فاصله گرفته و به ايما و اشاره روي آورده است.   

(خدا) به هر كس كه بخواهد حكمت مى ‏بخشد، و به هر كس حكمت داده شود، به يقين‏، خيرى فراوان داده شده است‏؛ و جز خردمندان‏، كسى پند نمى‏ گيرد. (سوره بقره آيه ???). بيش از تقريبا بيست سال است كه همچون يك دلباخته به گردآوري گفتارهاي حكمت آميز و سخن­هاي ماندگار پيشينيان سرگرمم.ازآن سال­هاي دور تا هم­اكنون، هر گاه كه چشمم بر يكي از اين گفتارها و سخنان مي­افتاد، آن را بي­درنگ در دفترهايي كه براي همين كار اختصاص داده­ام مي­نويسم. از آن روز تاكنون سخن­هاي بسياري را گردآورده­ام  

دعا يكي از مقوله‌هاي   بسيار شيرين و جذابي است كه همواره در حيات بشريت مقامي والا و مقدس را به خود اختصاص داده است. به طور كل دعا نوعي پيوند ماورائي است كه با جذب انرژي از عوامل عالم بالا و بازنمود آن در اوامر عالم سفلي، مطالبات و انتظارات خاصي را پاسخ داده است. آنچه در بُنِ اين پديده‌ي انساني نهفته است، آثار ترتبيتي سازنده‌ي آن است كه در صورت برآورده شدن يا نشدن، قابل انكار نخواهد بود. اميل ناصيف يكي از نويسندگان مشهور فلسطيني است كه در كتاب «أروع ما قيل من الأدعية»، با جهت دادن به نوع نگاه انسان، چراغ اميد بشريت را روشن ساخته و وجه ديگري از عبادت را ترسيم كرده است تا فراتر از ارتباطات روش‌مند و محدود به مكان و زمان ازقبيل حج، نماز وغيره، با نداي دل و فارغ از همه‌ي هستي انسان را همنشين دائمي خداوند گرداند. مقوله‌ي مورد توجه در اين پژوهش، علاوه بر ترجمه‌ي كتاب مذكور، تحليلي از انواع ادعيه‌ي مكتوب و مورد نظر نويسنده و نيز تأثيرات آن در زندگي بشر است. كليدواژه‌ها : ادبيات ديني، دعا، اميل ناصيف، أروع ما قيل من الأدعية  

Objective: Narratology is a branch of literary studies that can be traced back to structuralism, which seeks to find a single universal grammar for different narrative texts. Each narratologist has pointed to repetitive patterns in narrative texts. Research Methodology: This research has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and with reference to library sources and based on Gerard Genet's views and has examined various narrative techniques that the author has used to narrate this story. It is also shown that narrative time is of particular importance.   Findings: Gerard Genet is one of the prominent structuralist narratologists who has proposed a comprehensive plan for the study of narrative texts. In his theories he examines three aspects of narrative discourse; That is, it deals with time, face, and tone. These three aspects are identified by examining the structure of time, narrative centers, the distance of the narrative from the narrator and the types of views used in a narrative work, and by examining and analyzing these levels, an accurate and coherent analysis of a narrative text can be achieved. Tested the author's ability to narrate in shaping the narrative system and structure of a work of fiction. Conclusion: In this study, the narrative of seven works "Eagle's Gift","Journey to the Other Side", "Magical Movements", "The Second Ring of Power", "Active Boundary of Infinity", "The Power of Silence", and "The Art of Dreaming" was examined. It turned out that in all these works, there is a time of aphorism; This means that the narrator sometimes goes back to the past and sometimes narrates and in some moments goes to the future.   

   Poetry and prose are two literary genres, each of which has its own function. Prose expresses news with a logical approach and reports and poetry express emotion, feeling and imagination. But in some cases, the prose leaves the atmosphere of the news and wears the cloak of poetic crafts and affects the feeling and emotion of the reader. This prose is called poetic prose. The novel Zakira al-Jasd by Ahlam Mustaghanmi and the novel A Yek Ashghaneh Aram by Nader Ebrahimi are two works that are believed to be; Their prose has a poetic color and smell. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the American school of comparative literature, the scope of which is not limited to influence, has examined these two novels from the perspective of poetic prose components. Findings show that inner music (repetition, phonation, reflection of additions and frequent inflections), metaphor, simile, vocabulary, current contradiction, sensuality, symbolic and poetic descriptions are the most prominent manifestations of poetic prose that are rare in the prose of Ahram Mastaghani. has been used. With the difference that the use of Meccan metaphors in Mustaghanami prose is more significant.

Literary works, like a mirror, in addition to reflectingthe thoughts and ideas of its creators, also reflect the course of politicaland social developments, and this shows that the interplay between literatureand society is inevitable. Other arts are always seen. Contemporary Persian andArabic poetry is also closely related to political and social developments.Aref Qazvini and Tawfiq Amin Ziad are two prominent poets of the contemporaryera who have looked at the developments around them with a look at commitmentand social influences. Therefore, the present study, with a descriptive andanalytical approach and relying on the poems of the two mentioned poets,intends to study and analyze the social and political layers in their poems.The result of the research indicates that Aref Qazvini's poetry has a moresocial aspect than Tawfiq Amin Ziad. Tasnif has lessened the bitterness ofthese pains. Of course, he was not unaware of the political developments andhis attachment to the constitutional developments is clear in his poems. TawfiqAmin Ziad's poetry is mostly influenced by the occupation of the Zionistregime, and along with solidarity with the displaced people of Palestine, itrefers to these developments. Aref Qazvini and Tawfiq Amin Ziad are protestingpoets. Sometimes Aref Qazvini's protests become sharp and biting and ofteninvolve social and political elements.

   The elements involved and effective in the eloquence and psychology of each poet's poetry can be studied, evaluated and evaluated from various aspects. Masnavi Lily and Majnoon Nezami are also worthy of reflection and insight from different angles in order to show the effective aspects of his words. One of these angles is the study of the artistic use of the verb in Masnavi Lily and Majnoon. Now the question arises what are the elements involved in the beauty of the construction of the verbs of the poems of this Masnavi and what is the most characteristic of it and what effect does it have on the beauty, meaning and eloquence of its text? The achievement of examining the artistic expression of the verb in Masnavi Lily and Majnoon shows it; More than one verb and sometimes three or four verbs can be seen in some verses of Masnavi that the use of these verbs shows the poet's artistry in rhetoric and verbal and spiritual aesthetics. Also, the use of pairs and adjacent verbs in the form of rhymes, rows, repetitions of current syllables and phonemes in order to create lateral and internal music, as well as rhetorical use (metaphor, irony, ambiguity, sensuality) of verb combinations are the most stylistic elements of this poet's poems. Can be; He mentioned the use of verbs in the direction of side and inner music.

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