Habib Seryani

   Introduction: Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, metaphor is not merely a literary device but a fundamental mechanism in human cognition and conceptualization. Analyzing Hooshang Ebtehaj’s poetry from this perspective enables a systematic representation of the poet’s mindset and core human concepts such as love, freedom, and death. Objective: The present study aims to systematically analyze the metaphorical representation of love, freedom, and death in Ebtehaj’s poetry and to examine the evolution of the poet’s worldview. Method: This research is qualitative and descriptive-analytical, conducted through a library-based approach. The statistical population included 122 poems (modern poetry, ghazals, masnavis, qitas, do-baytis, and rubaiyat), selected through purposive sampling. The analysis was carried out based on conceptual metaphor theory and Stockwell’s methodology. Findings: The results showed that: Love-in the first period, love is mainly individual and earthly, represented through metaphors of nature, the senses, and the body; in the second period, love takes on social and mystical dimensions, forming an inseparable bond with freedom and transforming into a life-giving and elevating force. Freedom-structural and spatial metaphors (bird, light, journey, flight, spreading wings) indicate an active, liberating, and collective force. Freedom manifests in both mystical and social dimensions and stands in opposition to oppression and restriction. Death-is represented on three levels: individual-emotional, social, and mystical. Individual death is mostly silent and cold; social death reflects oppression and suppression; while mystical and martyr-like death conveys an upward and elevating movement. Conclusion: The analysis of conceptual metaphors demonstrates that Ebtehaj’s worldview begins with individual love, ascends through social and mystical freedom, and acquires philosophical meaning in death. The evolution of his poetry-from personal concern to collective awareness and spiritual experience-reflects the interconnection of love, freedom, and death. These three concepts simultaneously shape the individual, social, and mystical dimensions of his poetry, and their combination presents an integrated image of the poet’s mindset and experiences.

   Purpose: The adaptation of sacred texts for children and young adults presents a fundamental literary challenge, situated at the intersection of transmitting cultural-religious values and the principles of developmental psychology. The primary objective of this thesis is to provide a critical analysis of the fifth and eighth volumes of Mehdi Azar-Yazdi's collection, *Good Stories for Good Children*, as one of the most influential works in the history of Iranian children's literature. This analysis is conducted within the theoretical framework of Matthew Lipman's three sufficiencies, assessing the collection's capacities and shortcomings. Specifically, this research seeks to evaluate the degree to which this work aligns with the literary, philosophical, and psychological criteria essential for nurturing critical and philosophical thinking in children.      Methodology: The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical. Data was gathered and analyzed using qualitative content analysis, through a meticulous examination of narrative elements (characterization, plot, plausibility, point of view, and imagination), linguistic features (lexicon, syntax), and the structure of the underlying moral, philosophical, and religious concepts within the text.         Findings: The research findings in the dimension of psychological sufficiency indicate Azar-Yazdi's remarkable success in aligning the text with the child's cognitive world. By intelligently selecting a linear, cause-and-effect narrative structure, eliminating theological and doctrinal complexities, and translating abstract concepts into tangible ethical binaries (such as truthfulness/lying, trustworthiness/betrayal), he reduces the cognitive load of the stories for the audience and facilitates content comprehension. The text's tra  arent, concise, and lexically unpretentious language further ensures its accessibility for children. From the perspective of literary sufficiency, the work possesses significant strengths, including a pleasant prose style, vivid imagery, and dynamic characters, which greatly contribute to its appeal and foster a sense of empathy in the child. However, when the text is evaluated against the criteria of the Philosophy for Children program (P4C), which requires a text that stimulates inquiry, certain limitations become apparent. Instances such as the hasty resolution of conflicts, a lack of psychological depth in some characters, and a recurrent reliance on divine intervention (miracles) as definitive solutions reduce the text's controlled ambiguity and semantic multi-layeredness. These literary features directly impact the work's philosophical sufficiency. Although Azar-Yazdi's stories are rich in moral and existential themes, they often adopt an instructive and indoctrinating approach. The   arrative structure and definitive endings guide the reader towards predetermined conclusions, limiting the necessary space for independent questioning, reflective dialogue, and the challenging of assumptions. While this prescriptive approach is highly effective within the framework of religious education, it diverges from the primary goal of P4C, which is to cultivate critical thinking and avoid passive acceptance.     

   Marriage contract is the contract of human life, which forms the foundation and core of societies, and by virtue of this legal contract, it is binding on each of the parties. A man, as one of the parties to a marriage, has rights, including the rights of the husband, according to Article 1105 of the "Civil Law", he is the head of the husband, and one of the ways to exercise it is the husband's right to prohibit the employment of his wife. This authority, which is a mixture of right and obligation, can be applied to the extent that the husband does not exceed the limits of the family's interests. According to the law, although work and activity are considered as legal and legitimate rights of men and women, but a job that is against the family interests or dignity of husband and wife limits the right of both of them to work. Therefore, in the case of the husband's prior consent for the wife's employment, or if the wife's occupation does not conflict with the interests of the family and the affairs of either of them, the husband cannot oppose the wife's employment, and if he acts improperly, he will oblige the wife to If a woman leaves her job, the wife can oblige her husband to compensate for any damage caused to her as a result of leaving her job, based on the abuse of rights and based on the rules of civil responsibility. In many cases, there may be a practical conflict between the husband's rights in the family and the wife's right to employment (contained in Article 28 of the Constitution). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the limits and gaps of the man's headship and his rights in the family and its relationship with the wife's right to work. Therefore, in this dissertation, an attempt is made to investigate the jurisprudential and legal status of the husband's wife's employment with the descriptive-analytical method in a library and examples of conflict and conflict, with reference to jurisprudential and legal foundations, dimensions and possible shortcomings of this Clarify the issue in the current regulations.

حكومت مي‌تواند مردم را به رعايت امور شرعي مجبور كند؟ اگر پاسخ مثبت است، ميزان اين دخالت و يكي از مهم‌ترين مسائل در هر كشور، حكومت و ميزان دخالت آن در امور فردي و اجتماعي مردم است. حكومت اسلامي نيز از اين قاعده مستثني نيست و در آن قوانين و وظايفي وجود دارد كه رعايت آن‌ها بر تك‌تك اعضاي جامعه واجب است تا اينكه نظم و نظام حفظ گشته و اخلالي به نظام اجتماعي وارد نيايد. مسئله اين است كه در حكومت اسلامي، با توجه به ديني بودن حكومت و تأثير مستقيم دين در خانواده و جامعه، آيا الزام چه مقدار مي‌باشد؟ به عنوان مثال، در مسئله حجاب كه يكي از ضرورت‌هاي ديني است، افراد تا چه حد ملزم به رعايت آن هستند و حكومت تا چه اندازه اجازه دخالت در امور افراد را دارد؟ بر اساس نظر فقها، حفظ حجاب لازم است، اما اگر مكلف از انجام آن سرباز زد، وظيفه حكومت چيست؟ در اين پژوهش، با احترام و تقدير از تمامي آثار و تأليفات موجود در اين زمينه، قصد داريم به بررسي حدود فقهي ميزان دخالت حكومت در امور شرعي، به ويژه مسئله حجاب، بپردازيم. واژگان كليدي: حكومت، الزام، حجاب، جامعه، امور شرعي، امر به معروف و نهي از منكر، حفظ نظام، حكم فردي، حكم اجتماعي

In Islam, if the traditions (Hadiths) and narrations are disregarded, the divine religion remains incomplete. However, traditions and narrations, despite their significance, have always faced challenges such as forgery, misuse, and others. For this reason, trusting every narration that has reached us is not easy. To trust a narration, it must be examined thoroughly. This examination should focus both on the chain of transmission (Sanad) and the content of the narration (Matn), as a flaw in either can render the narration unreliable. In this study, all narrations attributed to Maytham al-Tammar have been collected from various Hadith and narration sources. These narrations cover diverse topics. In some narrations, Maytham al-Tammar's name appears in the chain of transmission (Sanad), while in others, he plays a significant role within the content (Matn) of the narration. Some narrations are also transmitted by Maytham al-Tammar's descendants, who attribute them to his book. That is, Maytham's descendants narrate these traditions from a book belonging to him and present them to an Infallible (Ma'soom) for verification or rejection of the narration's content. In this study, the categorization of narrations attributed to Maytham al-Tammar, along with an analysis of their content (Matn) and chain of transmission (Sanad), is critically examined. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology.       Keywords: Maytham al-Tammar, Chain Criticism, Content Criticism, Narrations of the Companions of Secrets   

     هدف از عبادت وارستگي انسان و نيل به مسير سعادت و تكامل است. خلوص نيت و تزكيه و تهذيب نفس در سير عبادات از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار است. در ميان عبادات نماز، روزه و حج از جايگاه ويژه اي برخوردار هستند. احكام تكليفي زن و مرد در بسياري از عبادتهاي واجب مشابه است. اما در برخي ازعبادتهاي واجب مثل نماز،روزه و حج ،احكام زن ومرد متفاوت است .اين مسئله دليل برتري جنسيتي در اسلام نمي باشد؛ چراكه در دين مبين اسلام   ملاك برتري تقواي الهي مي باشد. با تحقيق و تامل در ملاكات منصوص مربوط به عبادتهاي نماز،روزه وحج به اين نتيجه مي رسيم كه خداوند متعال براساس مصالحي   در اين احكام براي زن ومرد تفاوت قايل شده است.وهمچنين در روايات معصومين نيز در شرح احكام اين سه عبادت براي زن ومرد تفاوتهايي وجود داشته است. در اين پژوهش، نگارنده با تبيين و توضيح چگونگي موارد اختلافات احكام زن و مرد   در ملاكات منصوص به اين نتيجه رسيده است. تفاوت در احكام تكليفي زن و مرد در عبادات صلاه، صوم و حج صرفا با توجه به مقتضيات جسماني و اجتماعي بوده است .درواقع خداوند متعال در برخي از موارد از زن رفع تكليف نموده است كه با توجه به وضعيت جسماني ضعيف او است. مثلا زن در ايام حيض و يا نفاس ملزم به انجام اقامه نمازو روزه داري نيست. همچنين در ايام بارداري و شيردهي روزه داري براي حفظ سلامت طفل شيرخوار،جنين و مادر از زن در صورت ضرر   برداشته شده   است. با بررسي ملاكات منصوص در مناسك حج هم به اين نتيجه مي رسيم كه   خداوند متعال به عفت و حياي زن توجه داشته و زنان را از اعمالي همچون بلند لبيك گفتن ،معذور قرار داده است معاف داشته و يا   لباس احرام كه   بايد ساده باشد و انسان را از عالم ماديات خارج سازد؛   لذا مردان به جز ازار كوتاه و ردا اجازه پوشيدن هيچ نوع لباس ديگري را ندارند، ولي با توجه به حفظ حيا و حرمت زن خداوند متعال به زن اجازه پوشيدن لباسهاي دوخته شده را نيز داده است . كليد واژه:حج،عبادت،روزه،نماز،حج، ملاك منصوص،نابرابري،تكاليف زن و مرد

   تغيير در احكام اسلام شامل تغيير در موضوعات عرفي، تغيير قيود احكام و تغيير در مصاديق احكام است و در اين ميان، جهاد،كه از‌جمله دستورات الهي بوده و اسلام اهميت فراواني به آن داده و آن را در زمره واجبات به حساب آورده است؛ در رده آخر انواع تحويل ذكر شده، قرار مي‌گيرد. در حكم فقهي جهاد، تمايزهايي ميان زنان و مردان به چشم مي خورد. چنانچه بنابر اجماع فقها «جهاد ابتدايي» ، فقط بر مردان مكلف واجب شده، و بنا بر اجماع محصل و منقول حكم به عدم وجوب جهاد بر زنان وجود دارد. اين در حالي است‌كه دفاع از اسلام و ارزش هاي اسلامي و كمك به گسترش و فراگيري آن به مردان اختصاص ندارد و زنان نيز در اين زمينه مكلفند. در اسلام، احكام ثابت براي نيازهاي ثابت و احكام متغير و غيردائمي براي نيازهاي متغير وضع شده اند، مثلا به تناسب تغيير و توسعه عنوان جهاد، جهاد هم بر زنان واجب شود يعني تغيير حكم از نوع تغيير موضوع باشد. تأثير زمان و مكان در بسياري از احكام هم مشهود و ملموس است‌كه بعضي از آنان نياز به بيان ندارند امّا درخصوص مسأله ي مورد مداقه و مناقشه ي جهاد زنان، لازم است ابتدا مفهوم جهاد و نسبت آن با فعاليت هاي اجتماعي زنان، و ملاك جهاد زنان مورد بررسي و تبيين قرار گرفته، و دگرگوني‌هاي ساختاري و فرهنگي و فكري جامعه ارزيابي، نوع جهاد واجب در آن شرايط به زنان، معين و سپس به تشريح و وارسي دقيق علت صدور اين ملاك پرداخته شود. كليد واژگان: فعاليت هاي اجتماعي زنان، جهاد دفاعي، زنان، جهاد، جهاد زنان

Abstract Each word and term has specific linguistic characteristics and is specific to that language in terms of semantic, scientific, cultural, etc. Therefore, it is not an easy task to translate and equate scientific, technical and precise words and specialized terms into other languages; especially if this equivalence is in a field that is related to the divine word and apart from the scientific burden; it also has special spiritual characteristics.      In this research, the words and specialized terms of Quran and Hadith sciences in the Leyden Qur'an encyclopedia were examined and scientifically criticized in order to find the level of consonance and equivalence of these words and terms according to linguistic criteria in terms of semantic load and how to convey specific concepts. Become and whether these words and terms established in the encyclopedia, apart from translation, have the ability and ability to convey the semantic and pragmatic content of the words of revelation in the desired context? Due to the large volume of this encyclopedia in terms of content (6 volumes), only the first volume of this research was limited to the review of the contents of the entries, writing style and vocabulary selection.    In order to check scientific accuracy of this encyclopedia, in relation to the translation of basic concepts and efforts in the way of word-selection and equivalence of words and specialized terms of Quranic and Hadith sciences, the scientific description of these words was discussed in terms of meaning, structure and usage. In necessary cases, the words and terms included in this encyclopedia were compared with the great Islamic encyclopedia and Oxford or Webster's dictionary. The words and terms in dispute were reviewed based on the translation of Yusuf Ali, the selected translator of the Quran in 1942, or one of the translations of Arberry, Irving and Picktall.      The ultimate goal of the research is that after examining the words and terms of Quranic and Hadith sciences in the mentioned sources and removing the possible weaknesses, the set of words and specialized terms of this field will be compiled in a descriptive and alphabetical manner so that the void in Elevate this field and be used as a scientific, practical and interdisciplinary resource in the field of theology, especially in the field of Quran and Hadith sciences. Abstract Each word and term has specific linguistic characteristics and is specific to that language in terms of semantic, scientific, cultural, etc. Therefore, it is not an easy task to translate and equate scientific, technical and precise words and specialized terms into other languages; especially if this equivalence is in a field that is related to the divine word and apart from the scientific burden; it also has special spiritual characteristics.      In this research, the words and specialized terms of Quran and Hadith sciences in the Leyden Qur'an encyclopedia were examined and scientifically criticized in order to find the level of consonance and equivalence of these words and terms according to linguistic criteria in terms of semantic load and how to convey specific concepts. Become and whether these words and terms established in the encyclopedia, apart from translation, have the ability and ability to convey the semantic and pragmatic content of the words of revelation in the desired context? Due to the large volume of this encyclopedia in terms of content (6 volumes), only the first volume of this research was limited to the review of the contents of the entries, writing style and vocabulary selection.

   قرآن كريم كه يكي از معجزات بي­بديل الهي در علم بلاغت است، براي هدايت و روشنگري انسان­ها و رسانيدن آنان به سرچشمه زلال معرفت الهي، همواره از رساترين و فصيح­ترين اسلوب­ها استفاده كرده است؛ لذا در اين حقيقت شكي نيست كه آيات قرآن سخنان و كلام بزرگان دين بويژه امامان معصوم (عليهم السلام)، در بردارنده مضامين، معاني روح­بخش و تركيبات متين و الهام بخشي است كه با گذشت قرون و اعصار و پيشرفت انديشه بشري بويژه در حوزه زيبايي­شناسي، هر روز جلو? تازه­اي از اسرار علوم و معارف الهي، براي بشر امروز نمايان مي­شود. از جمله اين علوم، علوم بلاغت است كه به معناي مطابقت كلام با مقتضاي حال مخاطب، هماره به عنوان يكي از جلوه­هاي اعجاز و هماوردناپذيري قرآن، مطرح بوده است و به دليل غايت و هدفي كه دارد (معرفت قرآن كريم) از اشرف علوم به حساب مي­آيد.اين دانش خود شامل معاني، بيان و بديع است؛ رعايت هركدام از اين موارد سبب زيبايي كلام و تأثير بيشتر بر مخاطب مي­شود. علم معاني، در جهت شناخت دقيق ابعاد مختلف بلاغت كلام به صورت عام و كلام الهي به صورت خاص، پديد آمده است و متكلم را قادر مي­سازد تا آنچه در ذهن مي­پروراند به مخاطب القا نمايد. زيبايي­هاي قرآن كريم از نظر اين علم، مباحث متعددي را شامل مي­شود كه مي­توان به احوال جمله­هاي انشايي اعم از طلبي به عنوان يكي از مقاصد آن اشاره نمود كه به دليل افاد? معاني ثانوي، در علم معاني از اهميّت بالايي برخوردارند. اين پژوهش به روش تحليلي- توصيفي به بررسي و استخراج جملات انشايي طلبي در جلد دوم كتاب الحياة اثر علامه محمّدرضا حكيمي كه در كتب بلاغي به آن اشاره شده پرداخته است. بررسي­هاي به عمل آمده حاكي از آن است كه استفهام يكي از اقسام پركاربرد اين انشاء است كه در جلد دوم كتاب الحياة نيز فراوان يافت مي­شود؛ چرا كه قرارگرفتن اين اسلوب در لابه لاي آيات قرآن، هم بر زيبايي و فصاحت قرآن مي­افزايد و هم اذهان مخاطبان خود را به موضوعاتي متوجه مي­سازد كه لازم است در اين موضوعات تفكر و بدين­وسيله تحولي بنيادين در نظام فكري و سپس زندگي خود ايجاد كنند. كلمات كليدي: كتاب الحياة، محمدرضا حكيمي، انشا طلبي، اغراض مجازي انشاء طلبي.

Abstract:    Introduction: Correct education is one of the most important factors in the development of human societies, and this is realized in the context of correct education. The elders who have emerged in the field of literature throughout the history of Iran have paid special attention to the issue of education and have trained others and future generations in different ways. Saadi, like other writers, has left this importance in the heart of his works for future generations, and for this reason, the necessity of reading and understanding his works is felt. The teaching of Saadi's works is achieved in the level of awareness, knowledge and mastery of appropriate educational methods. Purpose: In this thesis, the types of educational methods that are discussed in educational psychology today, according to Saadi's works, have been examined. In this regard, the methods that are suitable for the teaching of Saadi's works have been specially analyzed and the impact of each of these methods on the teaching of Persian language and literature has been examined. On the other hand, it can be said that Saadi is one of the experts in the field of Persian literature, who has brought aspects of modern educational methods to his writing with his own style and style, and this feature is visible throughout his works. Therefore, these methods can be used in the teaching of literary works, especially Saadi's didactic works. Research Methodology: The research method in this thesis is qualitative and the collected materials have been analyzed using the method of content analysis. In this regard, a specific statistical population cannot be defined, but the target group of this research is teachers and readers of Saadi's works. Findings: By examining the science of educational psychology and Saadi's works, as well as what, how and why of education, it was possible to know the educational concepts and educational methods considered by Saadi, and according to these things, the correct way of teaching Saadi's works, which is based on lecture methods It is experimental, demonstrative, inductive and dialog based, to be identified. Conclusion: Therefore, by adapting Saadi's educational methods to the popular methods in educational psychology, as well as providing suitable contexts for teaching these works, it is possible to teach Saadi's works to the audience in a dignified way